Interaction of phonology and morphology in maltese and. Studies in lexical phonology focuses on studies done on lexical phonology, including methods, techniques, and approaches involved in the field. Its basic claim is that all morphological processes, and many phonological ones, are carried out in the lexicon. Let us compare flapping to a prototypical lexical rule of english phonology, trisyllabic shortening tss. Lexical meaning the ideal introduction for students of semantics, lexical meaning. Lexical phonology was developed in the early 1980s by k. Probably the two most fundamental questions addressed by lexical semanticists are. Lexical morphemes and functional grammatical morphemes duration. It consists of ordered levels, which are the domain for certain phonological or morphological processes. Dependency phonology is a theory of the representation of phonological segments and sequences. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left.
Project muse lexical phonology and the history of english. The units of analysis in lexical semantics are lexical units which include not only words but also subwords or subunits such as affixes and even compound words and phrases. This recursive property of merge has been claimed to be a fundamental characteristic that distinguishes language from other cognitive faculties. Rule systems in chomskyan theories of language in principle consist entirely of merge internal and external together with some parametric settings. The history of lexical phonology is further explored in ch. All phonology occurs in a single postsyntactic module. In this variety, the vowel in the goose lexical set is. The structure to which the semantic interface rules apply contains no uninterpretable. We think that the articles collected in this volume on issues in english phonology show, for many reasons, that english is still well worth investigating, just as it always has been, and we explain how this is so in this piece. Lexical phonology is a theory of rules and derivations. It is a theory of rules, because it claims that rules are universally of three types. Lexical phonology and morphology dynamic view 1 lexical phonology is extremely derivational. Mergers, nearmergers and phonological interpretation uni due. Recognition of the lexical nature of lexical phonology has filtered into mainstream generative phonology via the theory of lexical phonology kiparsky 1982, 1985, halle and mohanan 1985, mohanan 19821986.
What is a lexical phonology sil glossary of linguistic terms. The theory of lexical phonology publish your masters. Lexical and postlexical phonology in optimality theory. If the lexicon is subject to phonological rules or constraints, as lexical phonology and stratal ot claims, then lexical representations of individual items could be regularized to conform to. Lexical phonology and the rebirth of the phoneme paul kroeger 9may90 in the past 15 years or so, a number of traditional concepts have been reintroduced into current phonological theory. Introduction the theory of lexical phonology lp seeks to explain the interrelationships between morphology and phonology by allocating some of the phonological processes to the dictionary or lexicon in. In this paper i propose to investigate some consequences of this third kind of modularisation, the approach which has come to be known as lexical phonology. The minimalist program the minimalist program is an effort to discover the degree to which the human language faculty is determined by sensorimotor and conceptualintentional interface conditions together with. In chomskys system, merge takes two syntactic objects a and b and forms a compound l, a, b, where l is its label, determined by which of a and b projects. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Mohanan and first introduced in monographs appearing in the early 1980s kiparsky 1982a, b. The theory of lexical phonology, which forms one of the themes of this volume, was developed by paul kiparsky and k. According to the interactionist view of lexical phonology, the.
In lexical phonology, the phonological rules are divided into two types. This theory can be seen as an explanation of why collocations exist. Optimality theory confronts these issues directly, designing its basic architecture to deal with them. It is a theory of derivations, because it claims that the way in which the derivation is organized is. Also, an introduction to lexical semantics is not the same as. The concept of lexical priming in the context of language use1. Lexical semantics also known as lexicosemantics, is a subfield of linguistic semantics. It used to be only the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics, but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word including syllable, onset and. Generated by merge 18 meaning is easy to pick up by example. One of the ideas of the theory of lexical phonology is that this idea is essentially correct.
There will be some crossover to phonology, but the main focus will be on the interpretative interface. Why is internal merge possible at all in a theory that rests on economy and strict cyclicity. If you require structure building to precede all movement processes, youre in some sense. Toni jean borowsky, university of massachusetts amherst. Why is internal merge possible at all in a theory that. Lexical ized not subject to exceptionless phonological processes, i. Lexical semantics is the branch of linguistics which is concerned with the systematic study of word meanings. In its most minimal form, computations are done by a single operation, merge. In spite of this importance, it has not always been focus of mainstream second language acquisition research. The lexicon, moreover, may itself be organised into a hierarchy of levels, each constituting a quasiautonomous morphological and phonological domain. Introduction except for a brief period in the late 1970s and early 1980s, tone has generally fallen outside the central concerns of theoretical phonology. A postlexical process is one that occurs after lexical access or at least after candidates for lexical access have been identi. Lexical phonology and morphology trisyllabic shortening. Studies in lexical phonology, volume 4 1st edition.
Within approaches that assume one single computational engineone syntax. The postlexical phonological stratum posited in lexical phonology and stratal. The theory of lexical phonology stefanie udema term paper american studies linguistics. The former, the rules of lexical phonology, are intrinsically cyclic because. The theory of lexical phonology stefanie udema hausarbeit amerikanistik linguistik.
The theory of lexical phonology is one part of the study of linguistics which passes through several conceptions since the 1950s. Iii lexicalized not subject to exceptionless phonological processes, i. Ill give a few examples in dutch, because thats how ive been taught them, and i cant come up with an english example for now. Merge usually capitalized is one of the basic operations in the minimalist program, a leading approach to generative syntax, when two syntactic objects are combined to form a new syntactic unit a set. Halle and mohanan 1985 propose the theory of lexical phonology to challenge the spes view on the grammar. Phonemics phonology and phonetics some basic definitions.
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in spoken languages and signs in sign languages. Topics in the lexical phonology of english by toni jean. Paul kiparskys paper 1982 from cyclic to lexical phonology is the most interesting recent development in the line of research originated by kiparsky 1973 and mascaro 1976. These rules combine morphemes to form new words and are also called morphological rules. A listener will recognise a word more quickly when a related word is given i. Mp aims to achieve both of the major original goals that chomsky set for a theory of language in aspects of the theory of syntax. Lexicalized not subject to exceptionless phonological processes, i. The way rules interact with the principles of the theory to produce different outputs at different points in the grammar is investigated. Perspectives on english historical linguistics, amsterdam. Thus far we have talked about phonological mergers affecting phonemes in geordie. Labov, sound change, and phonological theory stanford university.
The selection first underscores the simultaneity of morphological and prosodic structure, modeling the phonology morphology interface, and deriving cyclicity. Although feature theory is an integral part of chomskys overall theory stated within the minimalist program, there is nothing inherent in the theory itself which should prevent it. A particularly revealing quotation in this regard comes from kiparsky 1982 in a discussion of what it means for lexical rules to apply. Trisyllabic shortening has lexical exceptions, it doesnt look across wordboundaries, and it seems to be a markedness statement for nonderived forms.
In short, the book also constitutes an attempt to constrain the theory of lexical phonology, and to demonstrate that the resulting model can provide an illuminating analysis of problematic aspects of the synchronic phonology of modern. Merge is the only operation of narrow syntax, and the derivational rhythm of spellout is exploited by the interfaces if merge is truly symmetrical and featureblind wildtype merge or merge. As one might guess from that title, there are no arguments for a derivational theory as opposed to a constraintbased theory, nor in favor of lexical phonology over other rulebased approaches. The chapter explains how the theory models lexical restrictions, grammatical categories, aktionsart, and argument structure and discusses the rules of spellout and the role of features. Universal properties and typology of morphological categories. The phonetics and phonology of korean prosody ohio state university.
The theory takes its name from its utilization of the relation of dependency. If y isnt in the lexicon, then a lexical rule cant see it whatever that might mean. The chapters structure therefore follows two main themes suggested by gregg 1996 for any theory of sla. Linguistic theories are no less superfluous than, for example, newtons theory of gravitation or einsteins theory of relativity, as both, theories in linguistics and theories in physics. Other theories, such as lexical phonology mohanan 1986, et. University of pennsylvania working papers in linguistics. Lexical phonology and the lexicon rutgers optimality archive. This section summariz es some of these contributions to the theory. Lexical phonology marc van oostendorp december 6, 2005 background until now, we have presented phonological theory as if it is a monolithic unit. Aspects of the theory of syntax, noam chomsky suggested that the.
The domains of both morphological and phonological rules within the lexicon are subdivided into strata which define both the type of morphological process. This thesis examines some issues of english phonology and of lexical phonology. The recent literature features three approaches which focus squarely on the morphology phonology interface. In particular, it deals with the relationship among phonology, morphology, and the lexicon. Lexical phonology is what you could also call phonology on word level. The lexicon plays a central, productive role in the theory. This book investigates certain tonal problems within the framework of lexical phonology. Prelexical processes do not confuse with lexical and postlexical phonology.
Given the architecture of generative phonology, which distinguishes between underlying lexical forms and surface forms, and given the. Near merger is found at the level of the lexicon or the morphology and is. Other topics in recent years have been metrical phonology 2003, and metrics 2004. The basic formal element of the theory is the constraint. On the theory of lexical phonology 5 makeup of a word or exception features associated with particular lexical entries. A prelexical process is one that occurs before matching to lexical representations. It used to be only the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word or at all levels of language where sound or signs are structured to convey linguistic meaning. Evidence from japanese article pdf available january 2002 with 209 reads how we measure reads.
This is an annotated transcription of noam chomskys keynote presentation at the university of reading, in may 2017. This has increased the degree of apparent similarityat the level of pure computationbetween syntax and phonology. Lexical semantics an overview sciencedirect topics. Merge also has the property of recursion in that it may apply to its own output. Analyzing english grammar california state university. Jun 02, 2002 the history of lexical phonology is further explored in ch. Including all these perspectives would have blown up the book beyond manageable proportions and far beyond the expertise of the author. Readings the lexicon and its features linguistics and. In dm the distinction between two types of phonology lexical and postlexical is abandoned. The theory of lexical phonology k p mohanan springer.
The major task in this research is the investigation of the ways in which rules apply to phonological structures. Section 2 addresses the what of learning the lexicon and section 3 concerns how lexical items are stored and learned. Corpus linguistics works as a way of analysing language. In general, merge satisfies the selectional properties of lexical items.
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